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داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﻼن داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﭘﯿﺮاﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژي واﯾﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﯾﻬﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﮐﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ -ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪ ..... دﮐﺘﺮ اﯾﺮج ﻧﯿﮑﻮﮐﺎر اﺳﺘﺎد رﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ ‏Nikokariraj@yahoo.com Microbiology Study of Micro organisms The cell is the basic unit of life. Based on the organization of their cellular living cells can be divided into: two groups: prokaryotic and eukaryotic 1)Animals 2) Plants 3) Protists :(Ernest Haekel) A) fungi, protozoa, and algae B) bacteria There are 5 basic groups of microbes: A. bacteria: are typically unicellular, microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fission B. fungi: yeasts and molds 1)Yeasts are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic fungi that reproduce asexually by budding . 2)Molds are typically filamentous, eukaryotic fungi that reproduce by producing asexual reproductive spores C Viruses are typically submicroscopic, acellular infectious particles containing either DNA or RNA as a genome that can only replicate inside a living host cell D. protozoa: are typically unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall E. Algae are typically eukaryotic microorganisms that carry out photosynthesis History of Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) the. first person to observe microorganisms It was he who discovered bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic protists, sperm cells, blood cells, Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) Research on Fermentation and Spontaneous Generation (van Helmont) , Francesco Redi (1626-1697) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation. Technique of "Pasteurization Research on Infectious Diseases Afflicting Man and Animal: Pasteur began to study the silkworm diseases He developed vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax and Rabies Robert Koch 1843-1910 ‏He discovered the anthrax disease cycle ‏and the bacteria responsible for ‏tuberculosis and cholera ‏Growth of Bacteria on solid media اﺻﻮل ﮐﺦ Koch,s Postulates -1در آﺳﯿﺒﻬﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻣﯿﮑﺮوب ﻣﺰﺑﻮر وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ -2در آﺳﯿﺒﻬﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﺧﺎص ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﯾﺪ -3ﺗﺰرﯾﻖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوب ﻣﺰﺑﻮر ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺣﯿﻮان ﺣﺴﺎس آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺎن ﺑﯿﻤﺎري را ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آورد. -4از آﺳﯿﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺣﯿﻮان ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻫﻤﺎن ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﯾﺪ Paul Ehrlich 1854-1915 In 1882 Ehrlich published his method of staining the tubercle bacillus chemical anti microbial Agents ﺑﯿﻨﺎﻧﮕﺰار روش اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻠﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن در ﺟﺮاﺣﯽ Josef Lister : ﮐﺎﺷﻒ واﮐﺴﻦ آﺑﻠﻪ ٍEdward Jenner: ﮐﺎﺷﻒ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﯿﺘﻮز Eli Metchnikoff: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS The cell is the basic unit of life. Based on the organization of their cellular structures, all living cells can be divided into two groups: prokaryotic and eukaryotic (also spelled procaryotic and eucaryotic). Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all possess eukaryotic cell types. Only bacteria have prokaryotic cell types 1. nuclear body Eukaryotic cell a. Bounded by a nuclear membrane having pores connecting it with the endoplasmic reticulum b. Contains one or more paired, linear chromosomes composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins . c. Nucleolus present. d. Nuclear body is called a nucleus prokaryotic cell a. Not bounded by a nuclear membrane . b. Usually contains one circular chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone-like proteins. c. No nucleolus. d. Nuclear body is called a nucleoid 2. cell division Eukaryotic cell a. By mitosis . b. Sex cells in diploid organisms are produced through meiosis . prokaryotic cell a. Usually by binary fission . No mitosis. b. Organisms are haploid . No meiosis needed. 3. cytoplasmic membrane (cell membrane, plasma membrane) Eukaryotic cell a. Cytoplasmic membrane and is a fluid phospholipid bilayer containing sterols as well as carbohydrates. b. Capable of endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis Prokaryotic cell a. Cytoplasmic membrane ; is a fluid phospholipid bilayer without carbohydrates and usually lacking sterols . Many bacteria do contain sterol-like molecules called hopanoids. b. Incapable of endocytosis and exocytosis. 4. cytoplasmic structures Eukaryotic cell a. Ribosomes composed of a 60S and a 40S subunit . b. Internal membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria , endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi apparatus , vacuoles, and lysosomes are present and . c. Chloroplasts serve as organelles for photosynthesis. d. Mitotic spindle involved in mitosis is present during cell division. e. Cytoskeleton present. prokaryotic cell a. 70S ribosomes composed of a 50S and a 30S subunit. b. . Internal membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosomes are absent c. No chloroplasts. Photosynthesis usually takes place in infoldings or extensions derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. d. No mitotic spindle. (Classification of Bacteria )ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ﻗﺮار دادن ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ در ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت وﺧﻮﯾﺸﺎوﻧﺪي اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد Escherichia coli ( E.coli) اﯾﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ O157:H7 (Strain) ﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻮش-1 Coli (Species) ﮔﻮﻧﻪ-2 Escherichia (Genus) ﺟﻨﺲ-3 Enterobacteriaceae (Fmaily) ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده-4 Euobacteria (Order) راﺳﺘﻪ-5 Ascotobacteria (Class) رده-6 Gracilicotea (Division) ﺷﺎﺧﻪ-7 Prokaryotic (Kindom) ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ-8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium bovis(BCG) BCG(Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Classification Systems Phenotypic classification system Gram stain and bacterial morphology Growth Requirements: need for oxygen to grow