پاورپوینت BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY - انگلیسی

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BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 

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ANATOMY DEFINED * Anatomy — the study of structure and the relationships 2120118 ۱ * Subdivisions — surface anatomy, gross anatomy, radiographic anatomy, embryology, cytology, histology and pathological anatomy 

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Structural Organization 

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Histology 1. Whole body contains only 200 different types of cells 2. Four tissue classes 3. Histology (microscopic anatomy) — study of tissues and how they form organs 4. Organ = structure with discrete boundaries — composed of 2 or more tissue types 

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Embryology Conceptus — refers to the developing offspring at any time during the pregnancy عط10110 كاءء 7 50 156 - ه'ختطحراع-عتلط زكر كا B) Embryo — from the third through the eighth weeks after fertilization C) Fetus — ninth week through birth D) Infant — at birth 

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Gross anatom "1 ‏عط 2ه :50103 عط‎ ۳۳۹ parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye. Also called macroscopicanatomy. 

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ANATOMICAL POSITION - |= anatomical position © — standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. 

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ANATOMICAL POSITION ¢ When in the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor. 

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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION 

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TERMINOLOGY * Reclining Position —If the body is lying face down, it is inthe ~~ position. —If the body is lying face up, it is in the.» position. 

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PLANES 7 are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas & include: = ۱۷059011191 52 ۶ , =. (coronal), (cross-sectional or horizontal) and oblique. 

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SECTIONS == are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures. They are named according to the plane on which the cut is made and Tale l¥fel-\ transverse, frontal, =\re! midsagittal 

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Frontal (coronal) plane plane *FIGURE 1-10 Planes of Section. ‘The three primary planes af section are indicated here, Table 1-3 defines and describes them. 

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Transverse plane Frontal plane (c) Midsagittal plane © John Wey & Sone, ne. 

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS * Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations. 

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS * Superior/Cephalic/Cranial * Inferior/Caudal ¢ Anterior/Ventral/Rostral ۰ Posterior/Dorsal * Superficial: toward surface * Deep: away from surface 

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS ٠ Medial: toward midline * Lateral: away from midline * Intermediate: between 2 points * Ipsilateral: same side * Contralateral: opposite side ٠ Proximal: near origin ٠ Distal: away from origin 

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ventral Posterior or | Anterior or dorsal “FIGURE 1-9 Directional References. Important directional terms used in this text are indicated by arrows; definitions and descriptions are included in Table 1-2. (a) (>) ۲ 

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS * External (Outer) ¢ Internal (Inner) * Central ¢ Peripheral * Parietal * Visceral 

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BODY CAVITIES * Cranial * Thoracic * Abdominal * Pelvic 

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ANTE! ® FIGURE 1-13 Body Cavities. (a) The dorsal body 0 cavily is bounded by the bones of the skull and vertebral ‘column. The muscular diaphragm divides the ventral body cavily into a superior thoracic (chest) cavity and an inferior abdominopelvie cavity. The pericardial cavity is located inside the chest cavity. (b) The heart is ‏یی‎ within the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed into a balloon, The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist of the hand in ‎(he. model, lies at the connection between the heurt and‏ جز ‎Thoracic ior hiood vossek,‏ ‎ ‎Pericardial ‎= Heart ‎Air ‎۱ ۵ —“~Balloon Visceral Patiotal 5 : > pericardium pericardium b) cavity 5 Diaphragm =} ) || Abdominal ‎cavity | Abdominopelvic 

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FIGURE 1-13 Body Cavities. (c) Anterior and sectional views of the ventral body cavity, showing the central location of the pericardial cavity within the chest cavity. (d) The sectional plane shows how the mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities Pericardial cavity Pleural ‘Spinal cord in spinal cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Heart in pericardial cavity ‘cavity 

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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY * Parts of the serous membrane are the which lines the walls of the cavities and the which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities. 

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Medial & lateral Rotation Pronation Supination 

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Supination | Neutral Pronation 

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WAR ify Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion Opposition Reposition 

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Eversion Inversion 

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Plantar&Dorsi flexion ۹ 

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Fig. 12.6 Antatior fin ge extensors. Lateral | ۱ ‘Medial nea Lateral Long hes Biceps orachil Anterior upper limb muscles are flexors. Pusteiner 

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PU (Nii ۱۱۱ ‏ار رف‎ made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. ¢ There are four structural classifications of ‏:كأطامل‎ ‎Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial and facet ‏.كأصامل‎ 

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Fibrous joint, has no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. 

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Cartilaginous joints are connected ‏ات‎ * Primary cartilaginous joints (= synchondroses): A plate of hyaline cartilage connects the bones at the joint. Only hyaline cartilage is involved, and the joints are immoveable. An example is the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate which separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in long bones during growth. 

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Secondary cartilaginous joints. Known as "symphysis". Fibrocartilaginous and hyaline joints, usually occurring in the midline. Ligament. Dise of Jibrocartilage Articular cartilag: Intervertebral disks symphysis 

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Capsular ligament | 1 Articular cartilage 

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۱۱۱۱ ۱ CLC TM ‏ا ل‎ make your back flexible and enable you to bend and twist. Nerves exit your spinal cord through these joints on their way to other parts of your body. Healthy facet joints have cartilage, which allows your vertebrae to move smoothly against ‏ال قطام طمهع‎ 

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Figure 86 Toe kes Joint Tendon of quadriceps femoris, ‘Suprapatellar Femur urea Articutar capsule Patella Posterior Subcutaneous cruciate prepatellar bursa ligament Synovial cavity Lateral ‏تا‎ ‎ateral meniscus‏ اس ‎infrapateltar ‎Anterior ‎cruciate fat pad ‎ligament Deep infrapateller bursa ‎Tibia ‎Patellar ligament ‎(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint ‎ 

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(@) Simplest osthway {1 caplilsry 0 (b) Portal system {@ caplisry b2d) ی ‎(shunt)‏ (2) Actin anastomoses (a) Venous anastomosse Anastomoses anastomosis —the point where two blood vessels merge arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt) — artery flows directly into vein bypassing capillaries venous anastomosis = most common = one vein empties directly into another arterial anastomosis — two arteries merge — provides collateral (alternative) routes of blood supaly toa tissue — coronary circulation 

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12 pairs 31 pairs 

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Cord segment / Dorsal root Lp Borsal roat ganglien _z Primary dorsal ramus| Spinal nerve ‏ف‎ ‎۲ ‏وروی ۱ مه موجه‎ 0 1۳۳ chain ganglion: ventral remus. eight pairs of cervical nerves, twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves, and one pair of coccygeal nerves. 

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cranial nerves spinal nerves Olfactory nerve (1) NEUROSCIENCE Optic nerve (11) Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Abducens (VI) Trigeminal V1 (ophthalmic) Trigeminal V2 (maxillary) Trigeminal V3 (mandibular) Facial (VID) Vestibulocochlear 0 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII) Topic : Spinal Nerve By : Hormizan Halihanafiah 

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The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. A= Etiector: skeletal muscia (a) Somatic nervous system 

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY ANATOMY DEFINED • Anatomy – the study of structure and the relationships among structures. • Subdivisions – surface anatomy, gross anatomy, radiographic anatomy, embryology, cytology, histology and pathological anatomy Structural Organization Histology 1. Whole body contains only 200 different types of cells 2. Four tissue classes 3. Histology (microscopic anatomy) – study of tissues and how they form organs 4. Organ = structure with discrete boundaries – composed of 2 or more tissue types Embryology Conceptus – refers to the developing offspring at any time during the pregnancy A) Pre-embryo – first two weeks following fertilization B) Embryo – from the third through the eighth weeks after fertilization C) Fetus – ninth week through birth D) Infant – at birth Gross anatom y • The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye. Also called macroscopicanatomy. ANATOMICAL POSITION • The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. ANATOMICAL POSITION • When in the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION TERMINOLOGY • Reclining Position –If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. –If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. PLANES • Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas & include: – Midsagittal (medial) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal) and oblique. SECTIONS • Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures. They are named according to the plane on which the cut is made and include transverse, frontal, and midsagittal DIRECTIONAL TERMS • Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations. DIRECTIONAL TERMS • • • • • • Superior/Cephalic/Cranial Inferior/Caudal Anterior/Ventral/Rostral Posterior/Dorsal Superficial: toward surface Deep: away from surface DIRECTIONAL TERMS • • • • • • • Medial: toward midline Lateral: away from midline Intermediate: between 2 points Ipsilateral: same side Contralateral: opposite side Proximal: near origin Distal: away from origin DIRECTIONAL TERMS • • • • • • External (Outer) Internal (Inner) Central Peripheral Parietal Visceral BODY CAVITIES • Cranial • Thoracic • Abdominal • Pelvic ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY • Parts of the serous membrane are the parietal layer which lines the walls of the cavities and the visceral layer which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities. Flexion Medial & lateral Rotation Plantar&Dorsi flexion Superficial fascia, the thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath — called also hypodermis. Deep fascia, a layer of dense connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also surround groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments. Joints • A joint or articulation is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. • There are four structural classifications of joints: Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial and facet joints. Fibrous joint, has no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage • Primary cartilaginous joints (= synchondroses): A plate of hyaline cartilage connects the bones at the joint. Only hyaline cartilage is involved, and the joints are immoveable. An example is the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate which separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in long bones during growth. Secondary cartilaginous joints. Known as "symphysis". Fibrocartilaginous and hyaline joints, usually occurring in the midline. Synovial joints are a type of joint with an articular capsule, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane, which surrounds a fluidfilled synovial cavity. The articulating surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage. • The facet joints are the joints in your spine that make your back flexible and enable you to bend and twist. Nerves exit your spinal cord through these joints on their way to other parts of your body. Healthy facet joints have cartilage, which allows your vertebrae to move smoothly against each other without grinding. Bursa, a fluid-filled sac or sac-like cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint. Central nervous system Central part: Brain and spinal cord. Peripheral part composed of 12 pairs cranial and 31 pairs spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. • A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column. These are grouped into the eight pairs of cervical nerves, twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves, and one pair of coccygeal nerves. cranial nerves Olfactory nerve (I) Optic nerve (II) Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Abducens (VI) Trigeminal V1 (ophthalmic) Trigeminal V2 (maxillary) Trigeminal V3 (mandibular) Facial (VII) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII) spinal nerves The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.